Subak is the name of water management (irrigation) system for
paddy fields on Bali island, Indonesia. For Balinese, irrigation is not
simply providing water for the plant's roots, but water is used to
construct a complex, pulsed artificial ecosystem. Paddy fields in Bali
were built aroundwater templesand the allocation of water is made by a
priest.
Subak had been described by Clifford Geertz, but it was J. Stephen
Lansing who drew attention to the importance of the traditional system.
He was studying Balinese temples, focusing on the water temples, whose
importance tended to be overlooked by foreigners. In 1987 Lansing worked
with Balinese farmers and agriculture officials to develop computer
models of the subak, demonstrating its effectiveness. Officials finally
acknowledged its importance.
On June 2012, Subak has eventually been enlisted as a UNESCO world
heritage site. Cultural Landscape of Bali: the Subak System as a
Manifestation of the Tri Hita Karana Philosophy forms a cultural
landscape of five rice terraces and their water temples that cover
19,500 hectares. The temples are the focus of a cooperative water
management system of canals and weirs, known as subak, that dates back
to the 9th century. Included in the landscape is the 18th-century Royal
Temple of Pura Taman Ayun, the largest and most impressive architectural
edifice of its type on the island. The subak reflects the philosophical
concept of Tri Hita Karana, which brings together the realms of the
spirit, the human world and nature. This philosophy was born of the
cultural exchange between Bali and India over the past 2000 years and
has shaped the landscape of Bali. The subak system of democratic and
egalitarian farming practices has enabled the Balinese to become the
most prolific rice growers in the archipelago despite the challenge of
supporting a dense population.
Subak is a traditional irrigation system that binds Balinese agrarian
society together within the village's Bale Banjar community center and
Balinese temples. The water managements is under the authority of the
priests in water temples. However since late 20th century, Bali with its
unique and rich culture has attracted travellers and tourist worldwide.
It has become the crown jewel of Indonesian tourism. Subsequently the
Balinese people's way of live and economy has shifted from mainly
depends on agrarian and rice farming activity to tourism services. As
the result, tourism facilities such as resorts and hotels has encroached
deep into Balinese villages and paddy fields. Recently, about 1,000
hectares of paddy fields are converted into tourist facilities and
housing annually which threatened the Subak system.
Source: Wikipedia
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